Purpose: The growing literature on private supplementary tutoring, widely known as shadow education, addresses multiple dimensions and roles. However, many studies inadequately capture the diversity and implications of different forms of tutoring. This paper examines these matters in Myanmar, highlighting complexities and ambiguities in…

This dissertation aimed to better understand how violin and viola private instructors teach Mental Practice in their studios, investigating different approaches on how to apply and teach auditory, motor, and visual imagery, score study, and auditory modeling, as well as its benefits. This research was divided into two different stages. In the…

The New Generation School (NGS) initiative, launched by the government of Cambodia in 2015, aims to improve the quality of education including raising teaching standards; improving student performance; innovating curriculum; and introducing accountability measures. Similar to charter schools in the USA, the NGSs operate as autonomous schools and…

This study sought to explore high school band students' motivation for practicing their instruments using the basic tenets of self-determination theory as a theoretical lens. Exploring levels of self-determination alongside years of musical experience, time reported practicing, grade level, gender, instrument selection, and private lesson study,…

The purpose of this study is based on various variables (gender and state of taking private tutoring) to determine differentiation in private tutoring tendencies of 12th grade students and their opinions about private tutoring. Mixed method sequential explanatory design was used in this study. The quantitative study group consists of 717 students…

This study examines the role of shadow education as a contributor to educational inequality in South Korea. Using data from the Korean Educational Longitudinal Study (KELS), this paper analyzes the effects of private tutoring at 10th and 12th grade level on College Scholastic Aptitude Test (CSAT) scores. We reduce biases in prior research by using…

This study delves into the firsthand experiences of educators within private Arab schools in Israel in response to the escalating trends of privatization. Through conducting semi-structured interviews with 10 principals and educators from private institutions, a phenomenological approach was employed to uncover their perspectives on achievements…

This study examines the influence of peers who receive private tutoring on an individual student's engagement in private tutoring. Using data from the Gyeonggi Education Panel Study of 7th and 10th graders in Korea, we leverage quasi-experimental variation generated from the random allocation of students to classes in schools. To address the…

Private tutoring, or shadow education, has become a widespread phenomenon globally. Its growth can be attributed to the expansion of cram schools offering live and video tutoring. This study critically analyses students' perceptions of video-recorded classes. Specifically, it problematises students' preference for video-recorded classes by…

Getting insufficient efficiency from the educational system can lead individuals to supplementary tutoring such as private tutoring. Due to the fact that private tutoring is taking more part in our lives day by day and that the COVID-19 pandemic can lead individuals to private tutoring, the purpose of this study is to; longitudinally identify how…

This study draws on Gloria Ladson-Billings' theory of culturally relevant pedagogy to explore how faculty at a private, Catholic, low-income serving, secondary school translated this theory into practice. Through a three-part action research methodology, the authors sought to answer two primary questions: How indicative are annual plans of…

Since 1995, publicly funded pre-K with universal eligibility has proliferated across the U.S. Universal pre-K (UPK) operates at great scale and serves children with a wide range of alternative childcare options. Because these programs are relatively young, very little is known about their long-run impacts on children. In this paper, I use a…

Private supplementary tutoring, widely described as shadow education in the academic literature, takes place outside regular school hours. It is widespread across the globe, but with diverse structures. Drawing on insights from Myanmar, this article examines how different forms of capital shape tutoring demand and supply. Employing a mixed-methods…

The Chinese education system is characterized as highly meritocratic and examination-oriented. Scores in high-stakes public standardized examinations mainly determine upward educational transitions. Private tutoring classes (PTCs) are a typical measure to boost students' academic achievement. Mental health is also assumed to affect one's behaviors…

This study aimed at uncovering complexities surrounding in-service English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers' identity development. Literature still lacks knowledge about such process in the face of workplace conflicts and as to whether such conflicts vacillate EFL teachers' imagined and practiced identities, especially in the context of Iran.…