Shadow education has burgeoned into a global phenomenon, and over the last 30 years, a substantial body of literature has emerged to explore this trend. Drawing on bibliometric data from 377 articles retrieved from the Web of Science (WOS), this study investigates the evolving landscape of shadow education research. It examines historical…

Shadow education (various forms or types of private supplementary tutoring) and its implications and determinants have been explored by the scholarly literature, yet gaps remain in the understanding of its complex relationships with mainstream schooling in various national settings. This study reduces one of these gaps by scrutinising the role of…

The importance of private higher education (PHE) is increasingly clear globally. But does Europe fit the global generalisation? This question can be assessed with reference to two major considerations: the size of PHE and the degree of private-public difference. The growth of PHE in Europe has been delayed and limited compared to that in most of…

In Spain, the exercise of choice by parents of a suitable school for their children is not practised by all families in the same way. The evidence shows that an increasing social polarisation and a substantial disequilibrium in schooling are taking place in compulsory education. There is a high concentration of immigrant students in public schools…

While the private sector in Italian elementary and secondary education does not account for a large portion of the educational system or enjoy special favor as in some other countries, there is strong debate over legislation concerning private schools and especially church-related schools. (MSE)

Aspects of West Germany's private elementary and secondary school system are discussed, including its history and role within the overall educational system, increasing popularity, legal situation, finance, and prospects for the future. (MSE)

In England and Wales the lack of effective articulation between each adjacent sector of formal education within the public system of education is characteristic. It is seen as likely that deeply ingrained characteristics of dualism, elitism, and extreme localization will prevent real improvement in articulation. (Author/MLW)

Three basic European educational systems are distinguished: state-financed and -controlled system; non-state system that does not rely solely on public financing or management; and private education, dependent on various systems of finance and/or indirect subsidy and controlled by proprietors. The history and problems of private education are…

Contemporary Dutch educational policies and the role of the private (church-related school) sector in educational policy formation are examined within the context of the system's history and recent administrative change and legislation. (MSE)

This article examines differentiation of the German state sector in higher education and the implementation of the vocationally oriented "Fachhochschulen." It then discusses the privately organized "third sector," consequences of German unification, and present tertiary adaptations to new needs and expectations in state and…