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Wendy Chan – Asia Pacific Education Review, 2024
As evidence from evaluation and experimental studies continue to influence decision and policymaking, applied researchers and practitioners require tools to derive valid and credible inferences. Over the past several decades, research in causal inference has progressed with the development and application of propensity scores. Since their…
Descriptors: Probability, Scores, Causal Models, Statistical Inference
Chan, Wendy – Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness, 2022
Over the past decade, statisticians have developed methods to improve generalizations from nonrandom samples using propensity score methods. While these methods contribute to generalization research, their effectiveness is limited by small sample sizes. Small area estimation is a class of model-based methods that address the imprecision due to…
Descriptors: Generalization, Probability, Sample Size, Statistical Analysis
Sarah E. Robertson; Jon A. Steingrimsson; Issa J. Dahabreh – Evaluation Review, 2024
When planning a cluster randomized trial, evaluators often have access to an enumerated cohort representing the target population of clusters. Practicalities of conducting the trial, such as the need to oversample clusters with certain characteristics in order to improve trial economy or support inferences about subgroups of clusters, may preclude…
Descriptors: Randomized Controlled Trials, Generalization, Inferences, Hierarchical Linear Modeling
Chan, Wendy – American Journal of Evaluation, 2022
Over the past ten years, propensity score methods have made an important contribution to improving generalizations from studies that do not select samples randomly from a population of inference. However, these methods require assumptions and recent work has considered the role of bounding approaches that provide a range of treatment impact…
Descriptors: Probability, Scores, Scoring, Generalization
Chan, Wendy; Oh, Jimin – Journal of Experimental Education, 2023
Many generalization studies in education are typically based on a sample of 30-70 schools while the inference population is at least twenty times larger. This small sample to population size ratio limits the precision of design-based estimators of the population average treatment effect. Prior work has shown the potential of small area estimation…
Descriptors: Generalization, Computation, Probability, Sample Size
Tamara Broderick; Andrew Gelman; Rachael Meager; Anna L. Smith; Tian Zheng – Grantee Submission, 2022
Probabilistic machine learning increasingly informs critical decisions in medicine, economics, politics, and beyond. To aid the development of trust in these decisions, we develop a taxonomy delineating where trust in an analysis can break down: (1) in the translation of real-world goals to goals on a particular set of training data, (2) in the…
Descriptors: Taxonomy, Trust (Psychology), Algorithms, Probability
Clauser, Brian E.; Kane, Michael; Clauser, Jerome C. – Journal of Educational Measurement, 2020
An Angoff standard setting study generally yields judgments on a number of items by a number of judges (who may or may not be nested in panels). Variability associated with judges (and possibly panels) contributes error to the resulting cut score. The variability associated with items plays a more complicated role. To the extent that the mean item…
Descriptors: Cutting Scores, Generalization, Decision Making, Standard Setting
Fröber, Kerstin; Jurczyk, Vanessa; Dreisbach, Gesine – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2022
Frequent forced switching between tasks has been shown to reduce switch costs and increase voluntary switch rates. So far, however, the boundary conditions of the influence of forced task switching on voluntary task switching are unknown. Thus, the present study was aimed to test different aspects of generalizability (across items, tasks, and…
Descriptors: Cognitive Ability, Attention Control, Task Analysis, Generalization
Cohen, Dale J.; Cromley, Amanda R.; Freda, Katelyn E.; White, Madeline – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2022
Here, we present a strong test of the hypothesis that sacrificial moral dilemmas are solved using the same value-based decision mechanism that operates on decisions concerning economic goods. To test this hypothesis, we developed Psychological Value Theory. Psychological Value Theory is an expansion and generalization of Cohen and Ahn's (2016)…
Descriptors: Hypothesis Testing, Decision Making, Moral Values, Problem Solving
Nilsson, Per – Statistics Education Research Journal, 2020
This study examines informal hypothesis testing in the context of drawing inferences of underlying probability distributions. Through a small-scale teaching experiment of three lessons, the study explores how fifth-grade students distinguish a non-uniform probability distribution from uniform probability distributions in a data-rich learning…
Descriptors: Hypothesis Testing, Statistics Education, Probability, Statistical Inference
Kus, Mehtap; Çakiroglu, Erdinç – Turkish Journal of Education, 2020
This study aimed to explore how prospective middle school mathematics teachers think critically about a newspaper article that reported the findings of a statistical research. Participants of the study were four fourth-year students enrolled at the mathematics teacher education program of a public university. To investigate the research question…
Descriptors: Preservice Teachers, College Seniors, Public Colleges, Middle School Mathematics
Chan, Wendy – Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 2018
Policymakers have grown increasingly interested in how experimental results may generalize to a larger population. However, recently developed propensity score-based methods are limited by small sample sizes, where the experimental study is generalized to a population that is at least 20 times larger. This is particularly problematic for methods…
Descriptors: Computation, Generalization, Probability, Sample Size
Chan, Wendy – AERA Online Paper Repository, 2017
Policymakers are increasingly interested in the extent to which experimental results generalize from a sample to a population of inference. When the sample is not randomly selected, propensity score methods are used to reweight the sample. Subclassification by propensity score is commonly used in which the population is partitioned into strata…
Descriptors: Generalization, Classification, Randomized Controlled Trials, Inferences
White, Mark C.; Rowan, Brian; Hansen, Ben; Lycurgus, Timothy – Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness, 2019
There is growing pressure to make efficacy experiments more useful. This requires attending to the twin goals of generalizing experimental results to those schools that will use the results and testing the intervention's theory of action. We show how electronic records, created naturally during the daily operation of technology-based…
Descriptors: Program Evaluation, Generalization, Experiments, Records (Forms)
Speelman, Ryan C.; Whiting, Seth W.; Dixon, Mark R. – Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 2015
A behavioral skills training procedure that consisted of video instructions, video rehearsal, and video testing was used to teach 4 recreational gamblers a specific skill in playing blackjack (sometimes called "card counting"). A multiple baseline design was used to evaluate intervention effects on card-counting accuracy and chips won or…
Descriptors: Skill Development, Behavior Modification, Video Technology, Games