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Hartman, JudithAnn R.; Dahm, Donald J.; Nelson, Eric A. – Journal of Chemical Education, 2015
Studies in cognitive science have verified that working memory (where the brain solves problems) can manipulate nearly all elements of knowledge that can be recalled automatically from long-term memory, but only a few elements that have not previously been well memorized. Research in reading comprehension has found that "lecture notes with…
Descriptors: Science Instruction, High Schools, Secondary School Science, Undergraduate Study
National Assessment of Educational Progress, Princeton, NJ. – 1991
In 1990, the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) included a Trial State Assessment (TSA); for the first time in the NAEP's history, voluntary state-by-state assessments (37 states, the District of Columbia, Guam, and the Virgin Islands) were made. The sample was designed to represent the 8th grade public school population in a state…
Descriptors: Academic Achievement, Calculators, Educational Assessment, Family Environment
National Assessment of Educational Progress, Princeton, NJ. – 1993
In 1990, the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) included a Trial State Assessment which, for the first time in the NAEP's history, made voluntary state-by-state assessments. This 1992 mathematics report marks the first attempt of the National Center for Education Statistics to shift to standards-based reporting of National…
Descriptors: Algebra, Calculators, Elementary Education, Estimation (Mathematics)