Background: Collaborative problem solving (CPS) is important for success in the 21st century, especially for teamwork and communication in technology-enhanced environments. Measurement of CPS skills has emerged as an essential aspect in educational assessment. Modern research in CPS relies on theory-driven measurements that are usually carried out…

Computational thinking (CT), the ability to devise computational solutions for real-life problems, has received growing attention from both educators and researchers. To better improve university students' CT competence, collaborative programming is regarded as an effective learning approach. However, how novice programmers develop CT competence…

The purpose of this study is to develop a multi-dimensional scale to measure students' awareness of key competencies for M-learning and to test its reliability and validity. The Key Competencies of Mobile Learning Scale (KCMLS) was determined via confirmatory factor analysis to have four dimensions: team collaboration, creative thinking, critical…