The number sequences describe a hierarchy of students' concepts of number. This research uses two defining cognitive structures of the number sequences--units coordination and the splitting operation--to model middle-grades students' abilities to write linear equations representing the multiplicative relationship between two unknowns. Results…

Knowledge restructuring refers to changes in the strategy with which people solve a given problem. Two types of knowledge restructuring are supported by existing category learning models. The first is a relearning process, which involves incremental updating of knowledge as learning progresses. The second is a recoordination process, which…

Strategic communication scholars agree that planning is critical to human action. An investigation tested plan modification aspects of cognitive planning theory. Two experiments tested whether success and failure of a plan served as predictors of plan modification and whether individuals can accurately predict whether and how they will modify a…

A study examined and tested the knowledge sources individuals tap in the planning process and the process of plan modification. It is expected that contrary to plan-based theories, individuals will fail to remediate flaws in their plans if given the chance to develop a plan to pursue the same goal. It is also expected that differences exist…