Principles arising from aspects of Vygotsky's ideas for the development of self regulation and from cognitive social learning theory are discussed. It is suggested that present methods of teaching mathematics are not adequate and that the use of instructional technology is needed to overcome the shortcomings. (JAZ)

Outlines some classroom techniques and learning modes for helping children manage change. Activities should emphasize the exercise of choice and the possibility of alternative "right" answers. Creative lessons, class discussions, and writing activities help students make decisions and gain some control over their life directions. (MLH)

Studies in the past have shown that reinforcements independent of the subjects actions may induce a feeling of helplessness. Most experiments on learned helplessness have led researchers to believe that uncontrollability (non-contingency of feedback upon response) was the determining feature of learned helplessness, although in most studies…

Discussion of achievement motivation and children's ideas about themselves as learners focuses on a study of third graders that examined the effects of LOGO programing on performance. Incremental and entity theories of intelligence are explained, and treatment of the experimental group and the control group are described. (26 references) (LRW)