These experiments allow a comparison between visual and auditory presentation per se: Will it be easier to identify "red" as relevant given a geometric design or its verbal description? Suggests that visual presentation confers one advantage: allows the formation of a nonverbal code in addition to a verbal description. (Author/RK)

Sixteen investigations using 32 third graders, 286 fourth graders, 183 fifth graders, and 343 sixth graders, were undertaken to determine table-using proficiencies. The data indicate that: (1) upper elementary students are able to retrieve information accurately and quickly from noncomplex numerical tables over a wide range of levels of tabular…

In this study retrospective verbal reports were collected in order to study cognitive processes activated when solving simple additions. The research was devoted to a revision and validation of the earlier presented process model (Svenson 1975) by using retrospective verbal reports as a complement to the response latencies analyzed earlier.…