Interviews with 80 practitioners and 372 survey responses were used to examine the professional approach to problem solving. Although specialist knowledge is important, improvisation is a key factor. Professional practice appears to be a combination of applied knowledge and reflection. (SK)

Based on reader feedback and practitioner interviews, a model of reflective/competent practice was revised to include meta-competencies, four components of professional competence (knowledge/cognitive, functional, personal/behavioral, values/ethical), and reflection itself as a super-meta-competence. (SK)

Reviews theories, concepts, and learning approaches relevant to the development of professionals and reports on the range of experiences and events that practitioners have found formative in helping them become fully competent. The review is based on empirical research conducted across 20 professions. (Contains 166 references.) (JOW)