This study assessed the success or failure of plan implementation in Kenya by investigating the extent to which planned estimates for educational projects were actually attained. Using six sets of five-year national development plans, we calculated an implementation ratio for each program showing actual expenditure as a ratio of planned…

This report provides a detailed description of an education program cost model designed to accept descriptions of the size and composition of resources used in a particular program and translate them into an estimate of program cost, for convenient comparison of alternatives. The model also translates ("crosswalks") the program budget…

This document discusses planning for educational development by means of a Planning, Programming, Budgeting System. A PPB system is defined and its basic operation is described. Various ways in which the broader purposes of governments may be classified in terms of their objectives are presented with emphasis on how the learning objective might…

This paper develops the techniques for allocating the quantity of a school's resources to particular programs and classrooms within the school, considering the sharing of resources. The methodology presented determines the cost of an educational program by identifying the resources utilized in a program. All costs are taken into consideration and…

This document reports on the formalization of objectives, progress, and priorities of the five-year-plan of the Department of Speech Communication at the University of Oklahoma. The document presents a rationale and criteria for program planning based on the three major national conferences of the Speech Communication Association--The Wingspread…

This conference paper discusses the role of the Planning, Programing, and Budgeting System (PPBS) in planning for educational programs. Proper PPBS analysis includes (1) correct problem definition, (2) consideration of alternative solutions, (3) ascertainment of peripheral effects of the alternatives, and (4) estimations of the cost and…

These materials from Beaverton Schools, District Number 48 (Oregon) provide an annual program review process within the context of the regular planning and budgeting processes. Information obtained from the review process (an analytic and decision-making process) is intended to serve as a basis for determining what program levels should be…

Where research activities operate under "fixed" budgetary and resource conditions, allocations of funds must be carefully planned for effective program implementation. Although relatively little information is available on how small research units could use the principles of programed budgeting, a technique for ascertaining program…

Higher education faces continuing cost pressures from a multitude of new demands. The consequence is a new emphasis upon resource allocation that is only possible if the required data about program costs, program outputs, and program income are readily available. The task of the new management in higher education is to gather the needed…

The purpose of this handbook is to provide information on the fundamental requirements, as set down in the Federal law and policy, that are necessary in planning Title I, Elementary Secondary Education Act proposals. Also, this handbook is meant to clarify Title I of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 and its amendments. It…

An experience-based career education (EBCE) program integrates academic learning, career experiences, and life skill development through direct learning experiences in the community. EBCE enables each student to gain individual attention, both with a teacher and with community members. This increase in individual attention does not mean that EBCE…

The methodology of costing an education program by identifying the resources it utilizes places all costs within the framework of staff, equipment, materials, facilities, and services. This paper suggests that this methodology is much stronger than the more traditional budgetary and cost per pupil approach. The techniques of data collection are…

The El Salvadoran educational reform policy called for a major revamping of previous educational goals and objectives. The basic questions of how these new goals might be achieved have been resolved through major administrative restructuring and by embarking upon the widespread use of educational technology, instructional television (ITV) playing…

This seminar focused on the need for increased use of educational planning by politicians and administrators in developing and developed countries. The report includes examples of educational planning in centralized governments such as those of France and Rumania as well as in large Federal decentralized governments such as those of Brazil and…

This report seeks to clarify the advantages and disadvantages of three approaches to educational planning, and suggests that an eclectic approach is necessary to deal successfully with the problems and prospects of future planning. Each approach is examined to determine its methodology, its alleged shortcomings, and its application in selected…