A summary of the development of doctoral education in nursing is provided. The question of "doctoral preparation for what?" is posed. Arguing that nurses with doctoral preparation are needed in a variety of leadership roles within the profession, a variety of program models for doctoral education is suggested. (Author/MLW)

Describes nursing programs offered by three types of institutions: (1) schools of nursing associated with hospitals or independent schools (diplomas); (2) senior colleges or universities (baccalaureate degrees); and (3) community colleges (associate degrees). (JOW)

The history, status, problems, and prospects of postgraduate medical training for primary care practice in the United Kingdom are reviewed in order to provide insight for American medical educators. The British emphasis on hospital-based training is questioned, but is seen as less of a problem for Americans. (Author/JMD)