As the pressing problems of the real world are not organized into disciplinary categories, there is an urgent need to make doctoral education more interdisciplinary. As an extension of the border-crossing metaphor that is commonly used for interdisciplinarity, academic educators wishing to engage students in this activity might consider themselves…

There has been a great deal of discussion about the need for interdisciplinary, applied research to service the needs of the knowledge economy and to solve the broader complex theoretical problems of the twenty-first century. This is known as "Mode 2" knowledge production. Yet, university research higher degree programs continue to be…