Governments and other organizations that design, implement, or manage in-service teacher professional development (TPD) programs navigate many choices and challenges to build monitoring and evaluation (M&E) systems that suit their program objectives and constraints. The primary objective of a TPD M&E system is to help guide the program…

Results-based financing (RBF) has gained popularity in the international development community because of its potential to make education spending more effective and efficient. In the education sector, RBF has been primarily applied to four levels: teachers; students and families; schools; and governments. The results overall have been mixed, with…