Background: Computational thinking (CT) is a way of thinking that helps children solve problems and complete tasks in more organized ways, using computer science skills. Prior research indicates that promoting CT skills in young children can support the acquisition of general problem solving (PS), executive function (EF), and social emotional…

Computational Thinking (CT) is essential for developing creativity, problem-solving, and digital competence in the 21st century. Coding tools like robotic toys and tablet apps have become popular in early childhood education to support CT development, but there is a debate on which tool is more effective. Little evidence exists on the effect of…