Problem-based learning (PBL) can take many different shapes but has as a common denominator that it builds on the principles of collaborative, constructive, contextual, and self-directed learning. Systematic review approaches that aim to provide insight in what features make PBL work generally fall short, as they tend to disregard the influential…

This paper reports a systematic literature review examining empirical studies on the effects of peer assessment for learning. Peer assessment is fundamentally a social process whose core activity is feedback given to and received from others, aimed at enhancing the performance of each individual group member and/or the group as a whole. This makes…

In the fall of 1995 the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) held a conference to stimulate dialogue about future developments in the fields of education, statistical methodology, and technology and the implications of these developments for the nation's education statistics program. This paper summarizes and synthesizes the results of…