This study aims to create and validate an evaluation tool that assesses the learning effectiveness of extended reality applications (e.g., augmented reality, virtual reality, mixed reality, and the metaverse). Six research questions were formulated to guide this study. The Extended Reality in Education (XREd) questionnaire consists of 50-items…

How can assessments measure complex science learning? Although traditional, multiple-choice items can effectively measure declarative knowledge such as scientific facts or definitions, they are considered less well suited for providing evidence of science inquiry practices such as making observations or designing and conducting investigations.…