This paper investigated three kinds of changes that could occur when a child learns to program in Logo. Novice programmers from fourth grade classes were given three sessions of Logo instruction. Results provided some preliminary evidence that productive learning of a programming language involves a chain of cognitive changes. (Author/LMO)

The elements of an instructional system are discussed and some literature bearing on these is reviewed. The discussion is intended to stimulate thought about an instructional system as a computer-assisted instructional (CAI) test-bed and to point out some noteworthy laboratory research results, particularly in cognitive psychology. Following this,…