We explored three approaches to resolving or re-scoring constructed-response items in mixed-format assessments: rater agreement, person fit, and targeted double scoring (TDS). We used a simulation study to consider how the three approaches impact the psychometric properties of student achievement estimates, with an emphasis on person fit. We found…

Classical test theory is founded on the proposition that measurement error, a random latent variable, is a component of the observed score random variable. This article traces the history of the development of classical test theory, beginning in the early 20th century. (SLD)