The purpose of this pilot study is to examine how experts and novices in the study of literary texts read those texts, and to make suggestions for an English Language Arts (ELA) disciplinary literacy based on those findings. A small sample of experts and novices, four professors of literature and four college freshmen, participated in read-alouds…

International students, a growing population in US universities, need to possess excellent reading skills in order to succeed. American universities also benefit from admitting students who do not require remedial English classes. Reading online has become an integrated part of college education, which requires students to have additional skills.…

This descriptive study examines when and how students use Russian-English dictionaries while reading informational texts in Russian and what success they have with word lookup. The study uses introspective verbal protocols (i.e., think-alouds) to follow how readers construct meaning from two texts while reading them for a limited time first…