Notes that racism, like casteism, is structural. The manifestation and tools of racism are systematic discrimination in the interest of sustained racial privilege. (Author/AM)

Notes that implementation of the universalistic value of equality of opportunity favors minorities if they are relatively disadvantaged. Despite the time lag, recent statistical indicators suggest no great differences in education for current cohorts of persons classified by sex, age, or ethnic categories. (Author/AM)

Notes that Borgatta is not overly concerned about the discrimination that forms the background to current efforts at cultural recompense for historic exclusion and neglect of disadvantaged groups. (Author/AM)

Comments on Keller's response and notes that concern about discrimination is not the issue, but the recent development and informal acceptance of benign quotas and preference as a form of discrimination that is justified in the name of eliminating discrimination. (Author/AM)