Presents a history of the numerical basis of federal affirmative action programs. Focuses particularly on the Philadelphia Plan and congressional activity since the mid-1960s. Argues that numbers have played a necessary role in attempts to alleviate racial discrimination. (KH)

Contrasts two views of affirmative action: (1) centralizing control over affirmative action with quotas and (2) making employment decisions that are consistent with sound business principles but which counteract prejudice, expand opportunities for underrepresented groups, and recognize labor market distortions that are unjustified by business…

The arguments in favor of preferential treatment for some groups are faulty. An examination of these arguments is included. Although victims of discrimination should be helped, programs should promote race-, gender- or ethnically conscious hiring. Affirmative action has led to a increase in bureaucratically-caused discrimination. (PS)