The tenure system is a ubiquitous feature of American higher education. Of the roughly 1,400 four-year institutions that the Carnegie Classification system categorizes as bachelor's, master's, or doctoral institutions, 87 percent reported that they have a tenure system. The present study provides information about the prevalence of general tenure…

China has been experiencing tremendous economic prosperity since the initiation of the Economic Reform in 1978. However, such enduring success has been dampened by significant economic inequality among provinces. In the same period, we have observed another kind of inequality in China that has long been overlooked. As a legacy from the central…

Improving administrative efficiency is the core problem in administrative governance. This case study of quota allocation policy implementation in City A reveals that a set of education policy implementation and incentive mechanisms revolving around responsibility contracts and target evaluations has already taken shape, to guarantee effective…

In this dissertation, I investigate three barriers that students in China face when pursuing higher education: the unequal distribution of college enrollment quotas, the complexity of the college application process and financial constraints. These barriers exist worldwide, but the unique characteristics of the Chinese higher education system make…

During the first decade of the 21st century, Latin America experienced an intense economic growth that increased access in the school system. In this context, the paper analyzes four different programs from Bolivia (Intercultural Community Indigenous Universities), Brazil (Quotas´ Law), Chile (Follow up and Effective Access to Higher Education…

The primary goal of this paper is to examine what makes Chinese college students dissatisfied with entrance opportunities for higher education. Based on the author's survey data, we test two parameters which could be a potential cause of this dissatisfaction: 1) distributive inequality, which emphasizes the individual's dissatisfaction caused by…

The latest battle between India's increasingly successful haves and left-behind have-nots is playing out in the country's educational system. India's Supreme Court recently upheld a stay against a quota system for low-caste and historically oppressed Indians, who are officially called Other Backward Classes. The decision could halt quotas for…

The Assistant Attorney General for Civil Rights in the Department of Justice believes that emphasis on quality, not quotas, will assure equal educational opportunity for all postsecondary students. (SK)

Several court cases concerning affirmative action programs both in education and in employment are reviewed in light of Titles VI and VII of the Civil Rights Act. Implications of past court decisions are discussed, as are possible future decisions. (MC)

Following the desegregationists' victory in "Brown v. Board of Education" in 1954, there came a succession of gains for desegregation, until a new phenomenon developed in "Bakke v. Regents of University of California" in 1973. Since Bakke's grades and test scores were higher than those of some minority applicants admitted to…

The Bakke case is the most recent of many cases in which the Supreme Court has assessed the impact of the Brown decision that racial discrimination in education is unconstitutional. The Bakke decision has established that race is a factor which may constitutionally be considered in university admissions under certain circumstances. (Author/MC)

The need for quantitatively defined minority enrollment goals in graduate social work education is discussed. An overview of minority enrollment efforts, a summary of related federal and professional regulations, an exploration of the legitimacy of quantitative goals, and a formula that yields quantified minority enrollment goals are provided.…

Notes that implementation of the universalistic value of equality of opportunity favors minorities if they are relatively disadvantaged. Despite the time lag, recent statistical indicators suggest no great differences in education for current cohorts of persons classified by sex, age, or ethnic categories. (Author/AM)

The civil rights movement and subsequent reform measures addressing racial problems have made more people dependent on a social welfare system that has not solved the problems of the urban poor. Society glosses over problems (giving a White person's job to a Black person, a man's job to a woman, ignoring indiscretions of minority children) which…

Analyzes the way the Supreme Court decision in the Bakke case dealt delicately with the meanings of a number of key words, including "quota,""stigma,""equality," and "discrimination." (GT)