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Schmidt, William H.; Guo, Siwen; Houang, Richard T. – Journal of Curriculum Studies, 2021
Continuing efforts have been made in the United States (US) to examine the role of schooling in alleviating the ethnic/racial inequalities in student performance. Using the US data from the 2012 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), this study examines the between-school and within-school racial/ethnic differences in opportunities…
Descriptors: Racial Differences, Equal Education, Ethnicity, Mathematics Education
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Marks, Gary N. – School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 2007
It is often assumed that schools themselves play an important role in students not completing school. However, the literature is inconsistent on what school characteristics influence school leaving, and identified school effects may be spurious due to the absence, or poor measurement, of appropriate individual-level influences. The importance of…
Descriptors: Academic Achievement, Foreign Countries, Socioeconomic Background, Socioeconomic Influences