Identity development is a critical process common to the human experience across all demographics. While everyone engages in identity development, the range of nuances in identity that need to be navigated makes the process more complicated. As children progress through adolescence, developing their unique identity becomes a vital task in which…

The following hypotheses were investigated: (1) Negro children have lower academic achievement than whites, (2) the ego variables of sense personal control and willingness to delay gratification are significantly related to academic achievement and (3) Negro children score significantly lower on both ego variables. Subjects included 237 eighth…

Examines racial identity attitudes that characterize African-American people at different stages of life and the relationship of these attitudes to several demographic variables, using the model of psychological nigrescence of W. E. Cross with 37 male and 77 female adults. Findings suggest that the model may require expansion. (SLD)

This article contends that Nigrescence or Black racial identity theory often interacts with counseling research designs such that readers may underestimate the worth of, or misunderstand, such research. Methodological dilemmas resulting from interactions among theoretical formulations, environmental influences, and research participants' racial…

A study of black college students to assess whether they are better served by predominantly black colleges or by integrated, predominantly white colleges is discussed. About 3,000 freshmen and seniors at eight predominantly white and seven predominantly black colleges were studied in four states with different social mores and attitudes toward…

Explores the relationship between Helms'"womanist identity" attitudes and the mental health of black and of white women. Results showed that black women and white women have different patterns of responses to both womanist and mental health scales. Discusses limitations of the study, and implications for counseling and education. (RB)

Describes a qualitative study of the career development of 18 prominent, high achieving African American-Black and White women in the United States. Presents a model, with five major components, that was generated from the career development of the participants and was grounded in their experiences. Discusses implications of the study. (RJM)

Compares the self-concept of Negro and white children, using data collected in a study of 16 second grade, 40 fourth grade and 24 sixth grade pupils attending two parochial elementary schools in Milwaukee, Wisconsin; an attempt was made to control socio-economic status. (JM)

Compared outcomes of college as perceived by African-American and white alumni in the affective or personal growth categories. An analysis of responses to an alumni survey revealed that, for affective growth variables, proportionally more African Americans than whites indicated that college had influenced their growth "very much." (Author/NB)

Focuses on the experiences of African-American women; and considers the interaction of sex and race in the development of sense of self, sense of self in relation to others, and ontology through interviews with 12 African-American women. Similarities among women across race are suggested. (SLD)

Female identity is centered on interconnectedness, and it is often based on a secure attachment with the family. This study addressed the relationship between attachment and self-esteem in African American and White female college students. The Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (Armsden & Greenberg, 1987) was used to assess the cognitive or…

This book explores the psychology and the development of racial identity. The book makes the following suggestions: for people of color, the development of a constructive racial identity means being able to resist the bombardment of negative stereotypes and to think of a history of resistance and empowerment rather than one of passive…

Fifty-four middle and lower class, black and white adolescents were observed interacting with their mothers during a discussion of seven child rearing problems. Maternal references to a range of disciplinary measures were identified, analyzed, and related to the subjects' scholastic performances. A factor analysis of process measures confirmed…

This study of opening and closing interpersonal experiences found that black subjects reported less opening experiences and more closing experiences than the white subjects. Also, black subjects reported less neutral experiences than were reported by white subjects. The opening experience was defined as "one in which the individual manifested…

Examines how temporal and status aspects of mothers' jobs during daughters' early childhood, preadolescence, and adolescence affect rate that daughters leave school. Studied 246 white and 188 black daughters aged 18-23. Findings suggest that part-time maternal employment during any point in childhood increases likelihood that black, but not white,…