This paper suggests that subordinate group parents teach their children to acquire skills different from those emphasized by the white middle-class; these skills are necessary for their future subordinate adult roles. (Author/EB)

The central thesis of this essay is that the subordinate status occupied by blacks because of racial stratification requires and promotes lower school performance or school failure and therefore that the school failure is a kind of adaptation to the phenomenon of job and role ceiling. (Author/AM)

This paper examines the educational consequences of racial stratification or the system of racial castes in the United States. The central thesis of the paper is that the subordinate status occupied by blacks because of racial stratification requires and promotes lower school performance or school failure and that therefore this school failure…

Explains the persistence of inequality between blacks and whites despite changes since 1960, noting why a gap persists in the school performances of the two groups. The article looks at the difference between class stratification and racial stratification and then discusses civil rights, social change, and the educational consequences of racial…

Social scientists have adopted two different views on the influence of the community and home on academic achievement of lower-class and minority students. The first is the deficit perspective, or the failure-of-socialization hypothesis. The second is the difference perspective, or the cultural-discontinuity/failure-of-communication hypothesis.…