This paper discusses findings of a quantitative, causal-comparative study that sought to determine if a statistically significant difference existed between a rural predominantly white institution and an urban minority-serving institution in terms of their white American male students' perceptions of whiteness as ontological expansiveness. As the…

Trends in higher education indicate a growing diversification of student populations. However, faculty racial and gender diversity lags behind the nation. Given this difference, this study proposed an exploration of multicultural competence among undergraduate faculty to offer insight into how higher education, and faculty in particular, might…

This preliminary study describes the transformation of students' racial attitudes and multicultural skills. A grounded theory approach was conducted to identify common themes from reflections of 19 students enrolled in a semester-long diversity service-learning course. The results indicate that students reformulate attitudes about racism and…

This study explored the relationship between White privilege awareness and White racial identity development for 197 counseling trainees. Results indicated that 3 of J. E. Helms's (1984, 1990, 1995) White racial identity statuses (i.e., Contact, Reintegration, and Immersion/Emersian) significantly predicted White privilege awareness. Implications…

White undergraduate students matriculating at an HBCU express less overt evidence of social adjustment barriers than Black students at predominantly White institutions. Although White students reported a sense of under-representation, they reported no direct experiences of overt racism and reported good relationships and strong support from HBCU…

Part-time graduate students (n=97) completed the White Racial Identity Attitude Scale (WRIAS) and Reactions to Interracial Situations at Work Questionnaire. Those with high levels of Autonomy on the WRIAS had more positive reactions. Those with high levels of Disintegration and Reintegration had more negative reactions. (SK)

Conducts a principal components analysis of the White Racial Identity Attitudes Scale (WRIAS) with data from 430 college students. Results indicated four factors that did not correspond to the original scales. In fact, the rescaled constructs reflected two dimensions of positive White identity and two dimensions of negative White identity.…

Item and factor analyses examined the psychometric characteristics of the White Racial Identity Attitude Scale based on data from 308 white college students. Then five trained judges assigned scale items to appropriate subscales. Results did not support the psychometric adequacy of the scale. (SK)

Provides independent examination of psychometric properties of White Racial Identity Attitude Scale (WRIAS) and Oklahoma Racial Attitude Scale-Preliminary Form (ORAS-P). Factors reflecting attitudes were identified: degree of racial comfort (factor 1), attitudes toward racial equality (2), attitudes of racial curiosity (3), and unachieved racial…

When the White Racial Identity Attitude Scale was completed by 109 white college students, a significant relationship emerged between racial identity and work values, consistent with white racial identity theory. Results appear to suggest the need to understand race psychologically and developmentally. (SK)

J. E. Helms's (1995b) White racial identity theory is said to resemble a pseudoscience in certain respects because its empirical support is based on the White Racial Identity Attitude Scale (J. E. Helms & R. T. Carter, 1990) in spite of consistent evidence that the instrument does not measure the constructs that the theory proposes.

Used two investigations to assess competing interpretations of a racial identity measure. A meta analysis suggested that the measure's structure is less complex than the theory it is assumed to measure. Confirmatory analysis of two data sets likewise revealed that scale structure found in the data are more parsimonious than those suggested by…

White college students (n=234) completed White Racial Identity Attitude Scale and New Racism Scale. Found white racial identity attitudes predictive of racism. Found age and gender differences in white racial identity attitudes. Men had higher levels of Disintegration and Reintegration attitudes than women, whereas women had higher levels of…

Argues that a study which assessed a white racial identity measure failed to account for other possible variables, such as failing to correct appropriately for artifacts in the data sets. Discusses tentative theory-relevant implications of the study for the construct validity of the racial identity measure. (RJM)

This study examined the extent to which counseling students' sex, self-reported multicultural competence, and cognitive development stage scores account for the variance in White Racial Identity Stage scale scores. Participants, who were 92 white graduate students in counseling, took the White Racial Identity Attitude Scale, a 50-item self-report…