Persistent racial disparities in students' disciplinary outcomes have been one of the most concerning educational policy and equity topics for decades. Despite the hypervisibility of Black students in school discipline conversations, research and practice evade a focus on anti-Black racism. In this essay, we draw from Black Critical Theory…

Purpose: Racial inequality in school discipline is an important challenge facing educational stakeholders. There is little research on how educators exercise discretion in navigating the disciplinary process from perceived misbehavior to disciplinary consequences. Research Methods/Approach: This study draws primarily on semistructured interviews…

School discipline is a significant educational policy and equity issue in K-12 education in the United States due to well-documented racial inequality in students' disciplinary outcomes and the deleterious effects of exclusionary discipline on academic and adult outcomes. The roles and approaches of school leaders in the production of racial…

The school discipline literature has expanded rapidly in recent decades, yet the conceptualization and measurement of school discipline patterns remains overlooked. In this paper, we present a comprehensive analytic framework to examine school discipline patterns that encompasses school-level metrics that capture the prevalence and disparity in…

Racial disparities in suspensions have acquired greater significance given the substantial lost learning time, additional trauma and stress, and myriad racial inequalities exposed by COVID-19. This study examines how the COVID-19 pandemic is reshaping school discipline patterns and highlights salient policy and practice considerations with an…

Racial inequality in school discipline is a salient challenge in the United States. Using New York City as a case, this study examines "inclusive disciplinary schools" (IDS) or schools that have "beat the school discipline odds". IDS, "median disciplinary schools" (MDS), and "high disciplinary schools" (HDS)…