The development of Africa-oriented social movements is divided into five periods: (1) the genesis of the return-to-Africa movement, 1790-1840; (2) the quest for nationality, 1845-1861; (3) the roots of Pan-Africanism, 1870-1915; (4) the Garvey movement, 1916-1930; and (5) the recent Black liberation movement, inspired by Malcolm X and operating in…

There is a negative correlation between the proportionate number of Blacks in a community and the degree to which that community allows Black participation in its affairs. Regional political, social, and economic histories affect the current relative status of Blacks in each region. (Author/MC)

Although the most creative subject for North American historians in the last decade has been the study of comparative slave systems and race relations, this has not always been the case. In this historical review of research on slavery and race relations, Carl Degler's and other liberal historians' work is discussed. (MC)

Racism has been a major factor in determining the role and stature of jazz and the musicians who play it. Jazz has been denied its artistic due because it emerged from Black people who have been systematically denied their social and civil rights. (Author/GC)

The Brown decision is discussed as an example of the historical tendency for brief periods of civil rights progress to be followed by longer periods of increased racial discrimination. (BE)

In politics, economics, education, and religion, Blacks still largely depend upon White institutions. White resistance to affirmative action means that the subordinate position of Blacks in American society is likely to continue. The only feasible alternative is Black mobilization and organization on a scale parallel to that of the 1960s.…

The chronicle provides an accurate and balanced representation of the history of the black experience in an effort to counteract misinformation presented in most textbooks. American history textbooks used in Wisconsin school districts ignore or distort the cultural experiences and contributions of blacks, often omitting important information,…