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Özcan, Halil Ziya; Batur, Zekerya – International Journal of Education and Literacy Studies, 2021
Literacy is a term generally used for adults and young people. Basically, it is an acquisition that includes the process of reading, writing and understanding symbols in any language. While this concept, whose definition and scope has expanded over time, refers to people who can only say their names in the past, today it refers to individuals who…
Descriptors: Bibliometrics, Journal Articles, Difficulty Level, Reading Comprehension
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Dorofeeva, Svetlana V.; Laurinavichyute, Anna; Reshetnikova, Victoria; Akhutina, Tatyana V.; Tops, Wim; Dragoy, Olga – Journal of Research in Reading, 2020
Background: The important role of phonological processing for reading has been demonstrated by many studies. The purpose of this research was to investigate the role of phonological processing for reading in Russian. Specifically, we tested whether the overall complexity of a phonological task predicts reading fluency and reading comprehension.…
Descriptors: Russian, Phonological Awareness, Reading Processes, Difficulty Level
Martin, Michael O., Ed.; Mullis, Ina V. S., Ed. – International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement, 2013
TIMSS (Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study) is an international assessment of mathematics and science at the fourth and eighth grades that has been conducted every four years since 1995, with the most recent assessment in 2011. PIRLS (Progress in International Reading Literacy Study) is an international assessment of reading…
Descriptors: Student Evaluation, Mathematics Achievement, Science Achievement, Grade 4