One solution to the problems of discrete-point testing are tests of reduced redundancy, that is, tests that introduce interference into the communication through actual introduction of noise or through deletion of text and that ask the learner to perform in spite of the noise. Three test types were originally developed to operationalize the…

Compares the empirical performance of C-tests with other representatives of the family of reduced redundancy tests--classical cloze, cloze-elide, multiple-choice cloze--using the Duisburg English Language Test for Advanced Students as the criterion for empirical validity. Findings reveal that the C-Test emerges as the most economical and reliable…