This research examined the developmental course of infants' ability to perceive affect in bimodal (audiovisual) and unimodal (auditory and visual) displays of a woman speaking. According to the intersensory redundancy hypothesis (L. E. Bahrick, R. Lickliter, & R. Flom, 2004), detection of amodal properties is facilitated in multimodal stimulation…

In an example of the redundancy effect, learning is inhibited when written and spoken text containing the same information is presented simultaneously rather than in written or spoken form alone. The current research was designed to investigate whether the redundancy effect applied to reading comprehension in English as a foreign language (EFL) by…

Two experiments examined the effect on recall of a response prefix, a redundant element emitted after the presentation of a memory series but before recall was completed. (Editor)

The quality of redundancy in language usage can be examined to determine its effect on communication efficiency. Semiotic redundancy, defined as the quantity of prolixity between semantic and pragmatic information, has the potential of reducing equivocation and error and, at the optimal level, provides maximum communication efficiency. Thus,…

The role of genetic factors in infant response to redundancy was evaluated through observation of the behavior of three sets of same-sex fraternal twins and six sets of same-sex identical twins to combinations of redundant proprioceptive and auditory stimulation. The twins ranged in age from 6 weeks to 24 weeks. One member of each twin set was…

Partial pictures facilitated performance when presented with verbal information, but not when presented with the test questions. Sentence repetition facilitated performance only on questions presumed to reflect relatively shallow information processing. (Author/STS)

Redundancy analysis (also called principal components analysis of instrumental variables) is generalized to qualitative variables; it then gives implicitly a simultaneous "optimal" scaling of the dependent, qualitative variables. Examples are taken from the Dutch Life Situation Survey 1977. (Author/BW)

In three experiments, subjects listened to a taped lecture on the topic of exposure meters for 35-mm cameras and were tested after one, two, or three presentations. Results suggest that repetition produces both a quantitative increase in amount learned and a qualitative change in the reader's processing strategy. (Author/LMO)

Revives the beneficial or functional sense of redundancy and shows that functional redundancy in writing need not be a contradiction in terms. Defines not only redundancy but also its opposite, ellipsis, and emphasizes the usefulness of each, using examples both in reading and writing. (TB)

Lazraq and Cleroux (Psychometrika, 2002, 411-419) proposed a test for identifying the number of significant components in redundancy analysis. This test, however, is ill-conceived. A major problem is that it regards each redundancy component as if it were a single observed predictor variable, which cannot be justified except for the rare…

Uncertainty about identity and the future is occurring at a stage of life when people do question what they have achieved and what they still want to achieve. The notion of midlife crisis has been in existence for some time but recently its occurrence has coincided with opportunities to take early retirement or redundancy. This has meant that the…

Recent studies of redundancy gain indicate that it is especially large when redundant stimuli are presented to different hemispheres of an individual without a functioning corpus callosum. This suggests the hypothesis that responses to redundant stimuli are speeded partly because both hemispheres are involved in the activation of the response. A…

Since the 1940s, the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) and its predecessor agencies have contracted with state approving agencies (SAA) to assess whether schools and training programs offer education of sufficient quality for veterans to receive VA education assistance benefits. SAAs are created or designated by state governments but are…

Continual repetition by a speaker may signal his need for recognition and understanding. (JH)

Any human communication has intrinsic objectives, to reach maximum communication efficiency and dependability. Because of "equivocation" and "noise," these absolute maximums are unobtainable; only relative maximums are possible. Based on Shannon's information theory principles, various information terms and different forms of "redundancy" are…