Uses the Cross model of Black identity development as a framework for discussion of the developmental stages of American-Indian identity: pre-encounter, encounter, immersion/emersion, and internalization. Discusses identity conflicts encountered in various scenarios related to biracial or bicultural status, adoptions, mixed-race families, parent…

Comments on two opening articles by Parham ("Cycles of Psychological Nigrescence") and Helms ("Considering Some Methodological Issues in Racial Identity Counseling Research"). Suggests that the connotations of victimization and racial conflict in the concept of "psychological Nigrescence" are obsolete. Offers 11…

A theoretical interface between the terms "reference group" and "significant others" is established. This is due to the terms having a common root in the classic problem of the self's referral to the other. In the elaboration of this interface a merging of such notions as positive and negative reference groups with two types of…

The Self-Identity Development Model of Oppressed People (SIDMOP) is a synthesis of several areas of psychology, including developmental, cross cultural, and spiritual literatures. SIDMOP provides an all-inclusive model of identity development for oppressed minorities in the United States, regardless of ethnicity. The model was formulated from the…