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Peer reviewedKenneth A. Frank; Qinyun Lin; Spiro J. Maroulis – Grantee Submission, 2024
In the complex world of educational policy, causal inferences will be debated. As we review non-experimental designs in educational policy, we focus on how to clarify and focus the terms of debate. We begin by presenting the potential outcomes/counterfactual framework and then describe approximations to the counterfactual generated from the…
Descriptors: Causal Models, Statistical Inference, Observation, Educational Policy
Download full textSchochet, Peter Z.; Puma, Mike; Deke, John – National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance, 2014
This report summarizes the complex research literature on quantitative methods for assessing how impacts of educational interventions on instructional practices and student learning differ across students, educators, and schools. It also provides technical guidance about the use and interpretation of these methods. The research topics addressed…
Descriptors: Statistical Analysis, Evaluation Methods, Educational Research, Intervention
Peer reviewedSheehan, Janet K.; Han, Tianqi – Mid-Western Educational Researcher, 1996
Contrasts aptitude by treatment interaction (ATI) and hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) methods for making cross-level inferences between individual-level and group-level factors in school effectiveness research. Recommends HLM when intraclass correlations are high. ATI is suitable when intraclass correlations are low, but partitioning the…
Descriptors: Aptitude Treatment Interaction, Causal Models, Context Effect, Educational Research
