Background: A single-case design focuses on individual performance and measures the causal relationships between variables (Kazdin, 2019). This experimental design enables researchers to measure the learning behaviors of individual participants over time across phases and assess the effectiveness of an instructional strategy in improving or…

Conventional advice discourages controlling for postoutcome variables in regression analysis. By contrast, we show that controlling for commonly available postoutcome (i.e., future) values of the treatment variable can help detect, reduce, and even remove omitted variable bias (unobserved confounding). The premise is that the same unobserved…

Many teachers of required secondary school mathematics classes are introducing statistics and probability topics traditionally relegated to college or AP Statistics courses. As a result, they need guidance in preparing lesson plans and orchestrating effective classroom discussions. In this article, the authors will describe the students' learning…