Incentive and behavior were investigated in the study focusing upon a comparison of the effects of response cost (for errors) and response reward (for correct responses) on verbal performance of mentally retarded subjects. (KW)

Use of tokens as positive reinforcers for correct responses in speech therapy and no consequences for incorrect responses was compared with the use of tokens contingent upon correct responses and loss of tokens for incorrect responses. (Author)

Time-out from positive reinforcement was found to have a suppressive effect when the response alternative was reinforced with the same frequency as the punished response. When the response alternative was a response for which positive reinforcement had been withdrawn, time-out was significantly preferred. (MH)

A case study is presented in which aggressive behavior of two pre-school boys on a nursery school bus was modified by the introduction of a negative punishment contingency in which the Ss were told they would be detained on the bus until the second time the bus passed their house (delay of reinforcement) if abusive behavior occurred. (Author)

Examined are two alternatives to the use of electric shock to control destructive or repugnant behaviors in severely retarded or schizophrenic children: continued use of noncorporal punishment, and widescale application of appropriately arranged contingencies of positive reinforcement. (KW)

This book contains a widely used method for structuring learning in a positive environment. The material is presented in a workshop format. Each unit should be read and worked on for one week; the teachers should then meet to exchange ideas. Unit 1 discusses behavior, and informs the reader that if he/she wants to influence a change in behavior,…

Classroom management and what teachers can do to make it possible for children to behave better, which permits learning to occur, are the subjects of this handbook. The authors hypothesize that the first step toward better classroom management is a teacher's recognition that how children behave is largely determined by the teacher's behavior. When…

The document is the fifth in a six part research report on the assessment and treatment of deviant behavior in children. In attempting to reprogram a social environment so as to maintain behaviors modified in an experimental setting, researchers felt that it was essential that the reprograming take into account the teacher's role as a controlling…

This paper presents a review of relevant literature on treatment approaches for the modification of smoking behavior, followed by an outline of an approach developed by the author to decrease his own rate of cigarette smoking. Studies are reviewed which have used various treatment methods: use of electric shock, satiation and/or use of cigarette…

Described is a multi-faceted money system which utilizes positive and negative reinforcement while at the same time incorporating peer pressure and reinforcement for behavior modification. The system uses such items as money, checks, deposit slips, and bank books. Children have jobs such as pencil sellers, banker, or door monitor, and receive pay…