Pavlovian stimuli previously paired with food can markedly elevate the rate of food-reinforced instrumental responding. This effect, termed Pavlovian-instrumental transfer (PIT), depends both on general activating and specific cueing properties of Pavlovian stimuli. Recent evidence suggests that the general activating properties of Pavlovian…

Forty-eight preschool children were run under a classical conditioning paradigm in which some neutral stimuli were repeatedly associated with an adult matching the behavior of the subject, and other neutral stimuli were associated with the same adult mismatching the behavior of the subject. Preference for the stimuli associated with being matched…