Besides the ubiquitous Pearson product-moment r, there are a number of other measures of relationship that are attenuated by errors of measurement and for which the relationship between true measures can be estimated. Among these are the correlation ratio (eta squared), Kelley's unbiased correlation ratio (epsilon squared), Hays' omega squared,…

The validity and reliability of small group research published between 1970 and 1971 is examined in this paper. In response to the small group research position which gives precedence to theory over method, the author counters that placing measurement in a secondary position increases the danger of accepting claims of experiments which contain…

The authors question Burgoon's assumption that the acquisition of grades and the achievement of course goals are highly positively correlated. The major criticisms of Burgoon's study concern use of grades as measurements of success and the nature of the experimental population. The use of grades is criticized on the grounds that disparity existed…

The subjective magnitude estimation (SME) procedure was used to obtain estimates of relative word frequency from two adult groups (15 lexicographers, 13 other adults) for 60 words ranging widely in objective frequency. Lexicographers rendered more reliable estimates, and their averaged data correlated more highly with objective log frequency than…

Statistics are an essential tool for making proper judgement decisions. It is concerned with probability distribution models, testing of hypotheses, significance tests and other means of determining the correctness of deductions and the most likely outcome of decisions. Measures of central tendency include the mean, median and mode. A second…

Four hospitalized female schizophrenics performed self ratings on a battery of variables for 60 consecutive days. The results are discussed in relation to nomothetic vs. idiographic systems of psychology and the study of intraindividual change by P-technique as a methodology of clinical interest. (DEP)

College freshman English teachers and high school sophomore English teachers reported the variables they use in grading; their responses were factor analyzed. Teachers' grading practices varied considerably, and knowledge of practices added to the ability of test scores to predict course grades. (Author/CTM)

Studies using Marcia's identity status paradigm (achievement, moratorium, foreclosure, and diffusion) are reviewed. The paradigm is evaluated concerning its construct and external validity; the rationale and discriminant validity of the identity statuses; the reliability of the Identity Status Interview; and future research problems. (For Part I,…

Subjects read scenarios describing a fictitious student and rated the extent to which the students' academic success was due to ability, effort, test difficulty, and luck. Attributions to ability and effort were greater for positively valued information; attributions to luck were greater for negative information. Results partially followed…

Person changes can be of three kinds: developmental trends, swells, and tremors. Person unreliability in the tremor sense (momentary fluctuations) can be estimated from person characteristic curves. Average person reliability for groups can be compared from item characteristic curves. (Author)

Presents rationale and a systematic procedure for the construction, implementation, and analysis of student feedback data which will provide both valid and reliable information about specific areas of the educational process that are controllable by instructors. Information can be combined with other factors and used for continuous improvement of…

Students were evaluated in five categories: fund of knowledge, medical skills, problem-solving, professional standards, and reliability. The results indicate that the students performed equally well in most areas, and little difference in clinical performance could be demonstrated between the groups. (Editor/LBH)

Comparison of the use in libraries of open systems--a configuration of software and hardware components from separate vendors linked by interfaces--and integrated systems considers selection of services; reliability; relationships with vendors; time needed to implement systems; and overall effectiveness of both approaches. (CLB)

This article responds to Wineburg's critique of the "Pygmalion" study focusing on the self-fulfilling prophesy. The validity and tenability of the hypothesis are examined in relation to well-known critiques. The conclusion is that there is such a phenomenon and that it is quite applicable to teachers' expectations of students. (VM)

The author accuses Wineburg of using intellectual shortcuts and selective presentations to support the argument against the self-fulfilling prophesy phenomenon. The prophesy does exist and is applicable to schools because it is interrelationships which hold together social systems such as schools. Teachers' beliefs have definite consequences for…