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David Rutkowski; Leslie Rutkowski; Greg Thompson; Yusuf Canbolat – Large-scale Assessments in Education, 2024
This paper scrutinizes the increasing trend of using international large-scale assessment (ILSA) data for causal inferences in educational research, arguing that such inferences are often tenuous. We explore the complexities of causality within ILSAs, highlighting the methodological constraints that challenge the validity of causal claims derived…
Descriptors: International Assessment, Data Use, Causal Models, Educational Research
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Leslie Rutkowski; David Rutkowski – Journal of Creative Behavior, 2025
The Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) introduced creative thinking as an innovative domain in 2022. This paper examines the unique methodological issues in international assessments and the implications of measuring creative thinking within PISA's framework, including stratified sampling, rotated form designs, and a distinct…
Descriptors: Creativity, Creative Thinking, Measurement, Sampling