The framework of cyber-archaeology was developed by Jones (1997, 2003) and later modified by Zimbra et al. (2010) to examine online networks and virtual communities. Since the modification, the method has fallen out of favor and is no longer utilized by qualitative researchers. To rebuild the method for qualitative research, we engaged in four…

Since its onset, scholars have characterized social media as a valuable source for data collection since it presents several benefits (e.g. exploring research questions with hard-to-reach populations). Nonetheless, methods of online data collection are riddled with ethical and methodological challenges that researchers must consider if they want…

This paper addresses two interrelated questions concerning what interview data are and how researchers might use them. The first considers the value of a shift from a predominant or exclusive focus upon how data are constructed and produced at interview, and towards how such data might be apprehended through different forms of…

"Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research" offers a truly balanced, inclusive, and integrated overview of the processes involved in educational research. This text first examines the general steps in the research process and then details the procedures for conducting specific types…

This article presents an overview of internet-based research, highlighting the absence of a standard terminology to define and classify such research. The label internet-based research or online research can cover a diverse range of research designs and methods, involving different degrees of ethical concern regarding privacy, transparency,…

The need to administrate experiments online is rising due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which brings both challenges and opportunities. However, the field of online experimental research design is still in its infancy. This case study elaborates on the experiences and decision-making process that guided an online experimental research project. First,…

This case study explains how to gather web metrics to measure the size, investment, and popularity of K-12 school system and higher education websites. This case study will first explain and define web metrics in detail, such as keywords, traffic, search engine optimization, and other terminology crucial for educational researchers to understand…

We briefly review the emergence of internet research ethics (IRE) since 2000 across three stages, showing how the last, IRE 3.0, focuses on ethical challenges and issues evoked by Big Data. We explore specific examples of IRE 3.0 as occasioned by requirements for informed consent -- including Big Data analyses of a closed Facebook group -- as…

Though some reviews of subtopics of digital citizenship have been conducted, there is still a need for more research to systematically examine the corpus of literature on digital citizenship. To address this need, the purpose of this study is to analyze and describe the body of research on digital citizenship that has been conducted to date. The…

Web 3.0 technologies have inevitably affected educational research. Many studies have been conducted on the use of Web 3.0 tools in learning environments. The synthesis and summarization of the results of these studies with a systematic review is considered important in terms of being the source of future research and helping to spread the use of…

This paper presents best practices for conducting survey research using Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk). Readers will learn the benefits, limitations, and trade-offs of using MTurk as compared to other recruitment services, including SurveyMonkey and Qualtrics. A synthesis of survey design guidelines along with a sample survey are presented to help…

Electronically assisted survey techniques offer several advantages over traditional survey techniques. However, they can also potentially introduce biases, such as coverage biases and measurement error. The current study compares the relative merits of two survey distribution and completion modes: email recruitment with internet completion; and…

Instructors frequently utilize breaching experiments in an attempt to "bring sociology to life." However, an uncritical embrace of breaching experiments obscures the complexity of their possible effects on participants and subjects. These experiments have real potential to inflict deleterious consequences on individuals and groups.…

The use of the web in teaching and learning and research studies on this issue are increasingly common in science education. In most of these studies, teachers' and students' perceptions of and their attitudes toward the specific web-assisted/based learning activities and the effects of these activities on their achievement and attitudes have been…

The ability to solve problems in a variety of contexts is becoming increasingly important in our rapidly changing technological society. Problem-solving is a complex process that is important for everyday life and crucial for learning physics. Although there is a great deal of effort to improve student problem solving skills throughout the…