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Chambers, Angela; Atkinson, David; Farr, Fiona – Language Teaching, 2015
The Centre for Applied Language Studies (CALS), founded in 1997, brings together researchers and postgraduate students from several disciplines in language studies, and is structured in three research clusters: New learning environments; Discourse, society and identity; and Plurilingualism and language policy. There is a certain amount of…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Cluster Grouping, Language Research, Languages
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Kohn, Hans-Friedrich; Steinley, Douglas; Brusco, Michael J. – Psychological Methods, 2010
The "p"-median clustering model represents a combinatorial approach to partition data sets into disjoint, nonhierarchical groups. Object classes are constructed around "exemplars", that is, manifest objects in the data set, with the remaining instances assigned to their closest cluster centers. Effective, state-of-the-art implementations of…
Descriptors: Computer Software, Psychological Studies, Data Analysis, Research Methodology
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Reichardt, Charles S. – Psychological Methods, 2006
An effect is a function of a cause as well as of 4 other factors: recipient, setting, time, and outcome variable. The principle of parallelism states that if a design option exists for any 1 of these 4 factors, a parallel option exists for each of the others. For example, effects are often estimated by drawing a comparison across recipients who…
Descriptors: Research Design, Outcomes of Treatment, Effect Size, Medical Services