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Kylie Anglin – Society for Research on Educational Effectiveness, 2022
Background: For decades, education researchers have relied on the work of Campbell, Cook, and Shadish to help guide their thinking about valid impact estimates in the social sciences (Campbell & Stanley, 1963; Shadish et al., 2002). The foundation of this work is the "validity typology" and its associated "threats to…
Descriptors: Artificial Intelligence, Educational Technology, Technology Uses in Education, Validity

Cook, Thomas D. – New Directions for Program Evaluation, 1993
A practical theory is offered for probing external validity, the generalization of causal relationships. This alternative theory is built around five principles abstracted from research on construct validation. It emphasizes purposive sampling for theoretical ends rather than random sampling to represent a population. (SLD)
Descriptors: Causal Models, Construct Validity, Generalization, Research Methodology