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Marsh, Herbert W.; Ludtke, Oliver; Nagengast, Benjamin; Trautwein, Ulrich; Morin, Alexandre J. S.; Abduljabbar, Adel S.; Koller, Olaf – Educational Psychologist, 2012
Classroom context and climate are inherently classroom-level (L2) constructs, but applied researchers sometimes--inappropriately--represent them by student-level (L1) responses in single-level models rather than more appropriate multilevel models. Here we focus on important conceptual issues (distinctions between climate and contextual variables;…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Classroom Environment, Educational Research, Research Design
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Borland, Melvin V.; Howsen, Roy M.; Trawick, Michelle W. – Education Economics, 2005
Despite the existence of a considerable and current educational literature concerned with the effect of class size on student achievement, the results of attempts to empirically identify the relationship between the variables class size and student achievement are mixed at best. These attempts have typically been hindered, however, by the…
Descriptors: Error of Measurement, Academic Achievement, Class Size, Educational Environment