We meta-analyzed the effectiveness of incidental second language word learning from spoken input. Our sample contained 105 effect sizes from 32 primary studies employing meaning-focused word-learning activities with 1,964 participants with typical cognitive functioning. The random-effects meta-analysis yielded a mean effect size of g = 1.05,…

The main purpose of the current study is to explain the effect of an enrichment reading program on the cognitive processes and neural structures of children experiencing reading difficulties. The current study was carried out in line with a single-subject research method and the between-subjects multiple probe design belonging to this method. This…

Relatively little attention has been paid thus far in memory research to the effects of measurement instruments intended to assess memory processes on the constructs being measured. The current article investigates the influence of employing the popular remember/know (R/K) measurement procedure on memory performance itself. This measurement…

The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that the extent to which orthography affects spoken word recognition in literate adults is related to their spelling proficiency. The study included two components: an auditory lexical decision task manipulating orthographic consistency of the stimuli and a spelling test. The results replicated…

Previous research demonstrates enhanced speech perception abilities for typically hearing and hearing-impaired listeners when speakers use clear versus plain speech, particularly in the presence of background noise. To date, very few studies have investigated the effects of noise on word learning and no studies have examined the effects of clear…

This program evaluation of The Instant Word Notebook was conducted by two educators who created an instructional tool to teach and assess the most frequently occurring words in written text, commonly known as Instant Words. In an effort to increase the reading scores of first and second grade students, teachers were instructed to teach Instant…

The present study attempted to further analyze the interaction of verbal and image coding processes in memory for pictures and words. (Author)

Among the objectives of the present study was the intention to replicate Spielberger and Denny's (1963) procedure with a different set of words, a different test of verbal ability, and a larger and different group of subjects. (Author/RK)

A model dealing with the function of elaboration in word encoding was evaluated using a 2-list recognition procedure that varied encoding time within the presentation list. The model predicted that elaboration, reflected in the incidence of false positives to associates of words presented in the recognition list, would increase as presentation…

The influence hypothesis argues that the perceptual superiority of words is due to S's opportunity to use the redundancy in words for making perceptual inferences, while the Unitization hypothesis argues that words are more perceptible because there are fewer units to process in a word than in a nonword. (Author)

Applying Bloch's law to visual word recognition research, both exposure duration of the prime and its luminance determine the prime's overall energy, and consequently determine the size of the priming effect. Nevertheless, experimenters using fast-priming paradigms traditionally focus only on the SOA between prime and target to reflect the…

The primary purpose of this study is to report the functional relation between recognition memory and degree of semantic contextual change and secondarily, to point out that the obtained relation can be described in terms of alternative theoretical approaches. (Author)

Two possible modifications of the Bousfield et al. (1958) RR-IAR memory model were proposed to explain why backward associations between critical stimulus and experimental words do not result in increased experimental word false positive rates, while forward associations do. (Author)