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Luke Keele; Matthew Lenard; Lindsay Page – Annenberg Institute for School Reform at Brown University, 2021
In education settings, treatments are often non-randomly assigned to clusters, such as schools or classrooms, while outcomes are measured for students. This research design is called the clustered observational study (COS). We examine the consequences of common support violations in the COS context. Common support violations occur when the…
Descriptors: Cluster Grouping, Educational Environment, Outcomes of Treatment, Compliance (Psychology)