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Rutkowski, Leslie; Rutkowski, David – Educational Researcher, 2016
In the current article, we consider the influential position of the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) and discuss several methodological areas that demonstrate the need for caution when using and interpreting PISA results. We motivate our argument by briefly describing the program's increased influence in educational policy…
Descriptors: International Assessment, Outcome Measures, Data Interpretation, Research Reports

Cleverley, John – Comparative Education, 1991
Evaluating Chinese publications about rural education and needed reforms presents several problems: political limits on educational debate; paucity of statistical data and reference citations; and complex ideological statements. Examination of nine journal and newspaper articles reveals that they cautiously endorse rural education reforms within…
Descriptors: Academic Freedom, Data Interpretation, Educational Change, Educational Policy
Howley, Craig B.; Howley, Aimee A. – Education Policy Analysis Archives, 2004
Most of the recent literature on the achievement effects of school size has examined school and district performance. These studies have demonstrated substantial benefits of smaller school and district size in impoverished settings. To date, however, no work has adequately examined the relationship of size and socioeconomic status (SES) with…
Descriptors: Socioeconomic Status, Academic Achievement, School Size, Rural Areas