Japan's operating budget for its national universities has been reduced since 2004 year by year, leaving a tight competition among universities in securing research funding. Urban universities with several prominent researchers can operate by securing competitive funding, joint research with companies, and donations, whereas small rural…

Innovation is a key component to the success and longevity of companies. Our research opens the "black box" of creativity and innovation in R&D teams. We argue that understanding the nature of R&D projects in terms of creativity/innovation, efficiency/inefficiency, is important for designing education policies and improving…

The role of Research Triangle Institute in North Carolina, described as the nation's largest and perhaps most prestigious research facility, is discussed. Activities in economic, scientific, sociological, and intellectual research are reviewed, along with the scholarly ambiance of the area and the impact of the new National Humanities Center to…

The use of quantitative techniques for research and development management in large U.S. industrial firms is reviewed, current patterns of technique familiarity and usage are described, and suggestions for the direction of project management systems are given. (MSE)

The Center for Composite Materials at the University of Delaware opens up new funding sources and collaborative research opportunities and enhances student skills. Government-sponsored research is focusing on real-world problems in close cooperation with industry. (SK)

Describes programs used by European countries and companies for advancing the commercialization of biotechnology. Compares European strategies and efforts in biotechnology with those undertaken in the United States. Includes listings of the European countries and the areas of biotechnology research. (ML)

Although fundamentally different purposes may cause clashes when universities and industry embark on joint research and development ventures, careful planning can often bridge this gap. Areas addressed include university/industry cooperation, information exchange, intellectual property, and conflicts with colleagues/students. (DH)

National research policies are today driven by the concept of the "knowledge society", in which development is deemed to follow the application of new ideas. Australia, like other countries, has encouraged partnerships between the universities and industry. This essay examines how Australian scholars in the humanities have responded to…

The major concerns in university-industry research relationships, discussed from an industrial viewpoint, include: research and development (R&D) within the firm, for an industry, and for a society; types of R&D organizations; working with universities and government labs; potential problems; and possible directions for the future. (MSE)

This report presents results of a survey of participants in the National Science Foundation (NSF) Industry-University Cooperative Research Centers program. The program promotes more rapid technological innovation by creating linkages between industry and university scientists. The Centers function as university research groups, with partial…

Points out advantages and disadvantages of industry-university research programs from industry and university viewpoints. Identifies conditions essential for long-term success of such arrangements. Also provides a case study of practices at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), discussing policy guidelines and giving examples of joint…

Presents an overview of the U.S. research and development effort. Data are provided on who supplies the money, who spends it, and how it is distributed among various types of Research and Development (R&D). (HM)

Strengths and weaknesses of three types of semiquantitative methods used by the federal government in research impact assessment are presented, and examples of their use are reviewed. These include the classic retrospective method, another retrospective approach, and accomplishments books used by selected research-sponsoring organizations. (SLD)

New government ventures in engineering research will build on previous successes and failures with industry/university programs, including Cooperative Research Centers established in 1972. Past projects, new Engineering Research Centers with cross-disciplinary efforts, and industry participation are discussed. Indicates that industrial financial…

Investigates the choice processes within innovation processes in industrial research laboratories. Develops a conceptual framework for the analysis of the processes through two case studies. Discusses the potential of the framework both for enriching the analysis and for enhancing social influences over industrial research. (Author/YP)