Develops a critique of the "special diglossia" idea: the notion that Navajos speak Navajo but read and write English. Describes uses for English and Navajo literacy in one community on the Navajo reservation. Applies concepts such as institution, ideology, power, and empowerment to these uses. (JS)

Papago Indian children are members of two language groups and several cultural groups. The effects of these groups are manifested uniquely in each individual. A longitudinal study of writing samples from these children reveals a rich and varied experiential base which includes meaningful understandings of both Papago and American cultural…