The integration policies in some Northern European countries display relatively poor outcomes of passed exam rates for immigrant language training, and several groups of immigrants have very low employment rates. These measures, in many countries, are strong incentives for host-country language acquisition in addition to the obligation to document…

This conceptual educational framework considers: (1) the idiosyncracies of national educational structures in Germany, Norway, and the United States in regions which represent a wide range of rural socioeconomic circumstances,and (2) scholastic rank as a determinant of ambition and as a sorting-out mechanism. Social inequalities resulting from…