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Mazur, James E. – Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2012
Parallel experiments with rats and pigeons examined whether the size of a pre-trial ratio requirement would affect choices in a self-control situation. In different conditions, either 1 response or 40 responses were required before each trial. In the first half of each experiment, an adjusting-ratio schedule was used, in which subjects could…
Descriptors: Reinforcement, Animal Behavior, Research, Animals
Galtress, Tiffany; Garcia, Ana; Kirkpatrick, Kimberly – Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2012
Individual differences in impulsive choice behavior have been linked to a variety of behavioral problems including substance abuse, smoking, gambling, and poor financial decision-making. Given the potential importance of individual differences in impulsive choice as a predictor of behavioral problems, the present study sought to measure the extent…
Descriptors: Addictive Behavior, Substance Abuse, Individual Differences, Animal Behavior
Davison, Michael; Elliffe, Douglas; Marr, M. Jackson – Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2010
Four pigeons were trained on two-key concurrent variable-interval schedules with no changeover delay. In Phase 1, relative reinforcers on the two alternatives were varied over five conditions from 0.1 to 0.9. In Phases 2 and 3, we instituted a molar feedback function between relative choice in an interreinforcer interval and the probability of…
Descriptors: Behavioral Science Research, Animals, Animal Behavior, Reinforcement
Graham, Lauren K.; Yoon, Taejib; Kim, Jeansok J. – Learning & Memory, 2010
Stress is a biologically significant social-environmental factor that plays a pervasive role in influencing human and animal behaviors. While stress effects on various types of memory are well characterized, its effects on other cognitive functions are relatively unknown. Here, we investigated the effects of acute, uncontrollable stress on…
Descriptors: Animal Behavior, Rewards, Environmental Influences, Memory
da Silva, Stephanie P.; Maxwell, Megan E.; Lattal, Kennon A. – Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2008
The contribution of past experiences to concurrent resurgence was investigated in three experiments. In Experiment 1, resurgence was related to the length of reinforcement history as well as the reinforcement schedule that previously maintained responding. Specifically, more resurgence occurred when key pecks had been reinforced on a…
Descriptors: Behavioral Science Research, Reinforcement, Intervals, Responses
Allen, Ron; Kupfer, Jeff; Malagodi, E. F. – Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2008
Pigeons' keypecking was maintained under two- and three-component chained schedules of food presentation. The component schedules were all fixed-interval schedules of either 1- or 2-min duration. Across conditions the presence of houselight illumination within each component schedule was manipulated. For each pigeon, first-component response rates…
Descriptors: Stimuli, Animals, Animal Behavior, Behavioral Science Research
Yankelevitz, Rachelle L.; Bullock, Christopher E.; Hackenberg, Timothy D. – Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2008
Four pigeons were exposed to a token-reinforcement procedure with stimulus lights serving as tokens. Responses on one key (the token-production key) produced tokens that could be exchanged for food during an exchange period. Exchange periods could be produced by satisfying a ratio requirement on a second key (the exchange-production key). The…
Descriptors: Reinforcement, Token Economy, Animals, Animal Behavior
Weaver, Matthew T.; Branch, Marc N. – Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2008
Tolerance to effects of cocaine can be modulated by schedules of reinforcement. With multiple ratio schedules, research has shown an inverse relationship between ratio requirement and amount of tolerance that resulted from daily administration of the drug. In contrast, tolerance to the effects of cocaine on behavior under multiple interval…
Descriptors: Reinforcement, Cocaine, Intervals, Animals
Silberberg, Alan; Roma, Peter G.; Huntsberry, Mary E.; Warren-Boulton, Frederick R.; Sakagami, Takayuki; Ruggiero, Angela M.; Suomi, Stephen J. – Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2008
Chen, Lakshminarayanan, and Santos (2006) claim to show in three choice experiments that monkeys react rationally to price and wealth shocks, but, when faced with gambles, display hallmark, human-like biases that include loss aversion. We present three experiments with monkeys and humans consistent with a reinterpretation of their data that…
Descriptors: Animals, Animal Behavior, Behavioral Science Research, Experimental Psychology
Zarcone, Troy J.; Chen, Rong; Fowler, Stephen C. – Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2007
The effect of force requirements on response effort was examined using outbred (CD-1) mice trained to press a disk with their snout. Lateral peak forces greater than 2 g were defined as threshold responses (i.e., all measured responses). Different force requirements were used to define criterion responses (a subclass of threshold responses) that…
Descriptors: Individual Differences, Animals, Responses, Animal Behavior
DeFulio, Anthony; Hackenberg, Timothy D. – Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2007
Two experiments examined pigeons' postponement of a signaled extinction period, or timeout (TO), from an ongoing schedule of response-dependent food delivery. A concurrent-operant procedure was used in which responses on one (food) key produced food according to a variable-interval schedule and responses on a second (postponement) key delayed the…
Descriptors: Stimuli, Timeout, Intervals, Animals
Machado, Armando; Rodrigues, Paulo – Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2007
Two experiments examined how pigeons differentiate response patterns along the dimension of number. In Experiment 1, 5 pigeons received food after pecking the left key at least N times and then switching to the right key (Mechner's Fixed Consecutive Number schedule). Parameter N varied across conditions from 4 to 32. Results showed that run length…
Descriptors: Item Response Theory, Probability, Mathematical Models, Animals
Bullock, Christopher E.; Hackenberg, Timothy D. – Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2006
Four pigeons were exposed to second-order schedules of token reinforcement, with stimulus lights serving as token reinforcers. Tokens were earned according to a fixed-ratio (token-production) schedule, with the opportunity to exchange tokens for food (exchange period) occurring after a fixed number had been produced (exchange-production ratio).…
Descriptors: Token Economy, Reinforcement, Animals, Animal Behavior
Ellis, M. J. – 1969
This paper attempts a unified explanation of such apparently non-utilitarian behaviors as curiosity, manipulation, and exploration as manifestations of "playful behaviors" on the one hand and stereotyped responses on the other. Sensorhesis names the new theory offered to explain the existence and nature of playful behavior. Play and stereotyped…
Descriptors: Animal Behavior, Behavior Theories, Behavioral Science Research, Environmental Influences
Shahan, Timothy A.; Podlesnik, Christopher A.; Jimenez-Gomez, Corina – Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2006
Attempts to examine the effects of variations in relative conditioned reinforcement rate on choice have been confounded by changes in rates of primary reinforcement or changes in the value of the conditioned reinforcer. To avoid these problems, this experiment used concurrent observing responses to examine sensitivity of choice to relative…
Descriptors: Reinforcement, Predictor Variables, Intervals, Conditioning