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Congning Ni; Bhashithe Abeysinghe; Juanita Hicks – International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education, 2025
The National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), often referred to as The Nation's Report Card, offers a window into the state of U.S. K-12 education system. Since 2017, NAEP has transitioned to digital assessments, opening new research opportunities that were previously impossible. Process data tracks students' interactions with the…
Descriptors: Reaction Time, Multiple Choice Tests, Behavior Change, National Competency Tests
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Leonard, Laurence B.; Miller, Carol A.; Finneran, Denise A. – Language and Cognitive Processes, 2008
Sixteen-year-olds with specific language impairment (SLI), nonspecific language impairment (NLI), and those showing typical language development (TD) responded to target words in sentences that were either grammatical or contained a grammatical error immediately before the target word. The TD participants showed the expected slower response times…
Descriptors: Sentences, Morphemes, Grammar, Language Impairments